Historic CES Research
- Nancy E. White PhD:
A Highly Effective Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia without Serious Side Effects - Ya. S. Katsnelson, V. A. Leosko:
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new method of transcranial electroanalgesia for clinical anesthesiology - Richard Schmitt, PhD, Thomas Capo, BS, and Ehrin Boyd, MD:
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation as a Treatment for Anxiety in Chemically Dependent Persons. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 10(2) March/April 1986 - Limoge A.:
[Electricity in pain management]. [French] [English Abstract. Journal Article] Presse Medicale. 28(39):2197-203, 1999 Dec 11 - Stanley TH.,Cazalaa JA.,Limoge A.,Louville Y.:
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation increases the potency of nitrous oxide in humans. [Journal Article] Anesthesiology. 57(4):293-7, 1982 Oct. - Stanley TH.,Cazalaa JA.,Atinault A.,Coeytaux R.,Limoge A.,Louville
Y.:
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation decreases narcotic requirements during neurolept anesthesia and operation in man. [Journal Article] Anesthesia & Analgesia. 61(10):863-6, 1982 Oct. - Klawansky S, Yeung A, Berkey C, Shah N, Phan H, Chalmers
TC.:
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cranial electrostimulation. Efficacy in treating selected psychological and physiological conditions. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183(7) 478-841995 Jul - Gabis L.,Shklar B. Geva D.:
Immediate influence of transcranial electrostimulation on pain and beta-endorphin blood levels: an active placebo-controlled study. [Clinical Trial. Comparative Study. Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 82(2):81-5, 2003 Feb. - Markina LD.,Kratinova EA.:
The effects of transcranial electrostimulation on the adaptive state. [Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal Article] Neuroscience & Behavioral Physiology. 34(1):101-4, 2004 Jan - Joy ML.,Lebedev VP.,Gati JS.:
Imaging of current density and current pathways in rabbit brain during transcranial electrostimulation. [Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 46(9):1139-49, 1999 Sep. - Cartwright RD.,Weiss MF.:
The effects of electrosleep on insomnia revisited. [Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal Article. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.] Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 161(2):134-7, 1975 Aug. - A. Limoge, C. Robert, T.H. Stanley.:
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES): A review 1998. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23 (1999) 529-538 - Louis Stinus, Marc Auriacombe, Jean Tignol, Aimt Limoge
and Michel Le Moal.:
Transcranial electrical stimulation with high frequency intermittent current (Limoge's) potentiates opiate-induced analgesia: blind studies. Pain, 42 (1990) 351-363 - Rosalind Dymond Cartwright, PhD and Marc F Weiss, MA. :
Brief Communication: The Effects of Electrosleep on Insomnia Revisited. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 161(2) 134-137, 1975 - Daniel L. Kirscha, and Ray B. Smith.:
The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of chronic pain: A review. NeuroRehabilitation 14 (2000) 85-94. - Paul F. White, PhD, MD, FANZCA, Shitong Li, MD, and Jen
W. Chiu, MB, MMed, DEAA.:
Electroanalgesia: Its Role in Acute and Chronic Pain Management. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001;92:505-13.
A Highly Effective Treatment for Anxiety,
Depression, and Insomnia without Serious Side Effects
The number of people in this country exhibiting symptoms of depression and anxiety continues to grow and is projected to continue growing through the next decade at least. The symptoms of these disorders cause substantial distress for the sufferers and their families and cost society dearly each year in lost time and suboptimal job performance. Recent research has raised questions about the effectiveness of medications long considered a standard of care in the treatment of these conditions. In light of this information it seems appropriate to explore alternative therapies that demonstrate a high level of effectiveness in mediating anxiety and depression without serious side effects. Read More
The number of people in this country exhibiting symptoms of depression and anxiety continues to grow and is projected to continue growing through the next decade at least. The symptoms of these disorders cause substantial distress for the sufferers and their families and cost society dearly each year in lost time and suboptimal job performance. Recent research has raised questions about the effectiveness of medications long considered a standard of care in the treatment of these conditions. In light of this information it seems appropriate to explore alternative therapies that demonstrate a high level of effectiveness in mediating anxiety and depression without serious side effects. Read More
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new
method of transcranial electroanalgesia for clinical anesthesiology
A regimen for transcranial electroanalgesia which had been designed on the basis of experimental findings was included for the first time into the complex of anesthesiology aid.
Read More
A regimen for transcranial electroanalgesia which had been designed on the basis of experimental findings was included for the first time into the complex of anesthesiology aid.
Read More
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation as
a Treatment for Anxiety in Chemically Dependent Persons. Alcoholism:
Clinical and Experimental Research, 10(2) March/April 1986
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is reported to be effective treatment for anxiety, a major presenting symptom among chemically dependent patients. In this study, 40 inpatient alcohol and/or poly-drug users were given CES or sham CES in a double blind design. An additional 20 patients served as normal hospital routine controls. Dependent measures of anxitety were the Profile of Mood States, the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, and the State/Trait Anxiety Index.Read More
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is reported to be effective treatment for anxiety, a major presenting symptom among chemically dependent patients. In this study, 40 inpatient alcohol and/or poly-drug users were given CES or sham CES in a double blind design. An additional 20 patients served as normal hospital routine controls. Dependent measures of anxitety were the Profile of Mood States, the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, and the State/Trait Anxiety Index.Read More
[Electricity in pain management]. [French]
[English Abstract. Journal Article] Presse Medicale. 28(39):2197-203,
1999 Dec 11
For more than thirty years there has been a revival of electrotherapy in the treatment of pain. Analgesia by electrical current is now based on transcutaneous or percutaneous nerve stimulation, deep stimulation, posterior spinal cords stimulation, and transcutaneous cranial stimulation. EFFICACY: It is now scientifically proven that electrostimulation of certain peripheral fibers and of different structures of the central nervous system plays an undeniable role in filtration and control of painful messages. However, precise indications are a prerequisite.
Read More
For more than thirty years there has been a revival of electrotherapy in the treatment of pain. Analgesia by electrical current is now based on transcutaneous or percutaneous nerve stimulation, deep stimulation, posterior spinal cords stimulation, and transcutaneous cranial stimulation. EFFICACY: It is now scientifically proven that electrostimulation of certain peripheral fibers and of different structures of the central nervous system plays an undeniable role in filtration and control of painful messages. However, precise indications are a prerequisite.
Read More
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation
increases the potency of nitrous oxide in humans. [Journal Article]
Anesthesiology. 57(4):293-7, 1982 Oct.
The potency, amnesic, and postanesthetic analgesic effects of transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) were evaluated during N2O anesthesia in 120 unpremedicated patients, prior to urologic or general surgical operations. The patients were divided into six groups of 20 each with respect to what concentration of N2O in oxygen they were allowed to breathe (75, 62.5, and 50%), and whether they were or were not stimulated with TCES. Recordings of heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial blood pressure, and minute ventilation were made prior to and after 20 min of N2O, and one minute later following application of a Kocker clamp to the upper inner thigh for one minute.
Read More
The potency, amnesic, and postanesthetic analgesic effects of transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) were evaluated during N2O anesthesia in 120 unpremedicated patients, prior to urologic or general surgical operations. The patients were divided into six groups of 20 each with respect to what concentration of N2O in oxygen they were allowed to breathe (75, 62.5, and 50%), and whether they were or were not stimulated with TCES. Recordings of heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial blood pressure, and minute ventilation were made prior to and after 20 min of N2O, and one minute later following application of a Kocker clamp to the upper inner thigh for one minute.
Read More
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation
decreases narcotic requirements during neurolept anesthesia and
operation in man. [Journal Article] Anesthesia & Analgesia. 61(10):863-6,
1982 Oct.
The influence of transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) on fentanyl requirements was evaluated in 50 patients undergoing urologic operations with pure neuroleptanesthesia (droperidol, diazepam, fentanyl, and air oxygen) with (group I) or without (group II) simultaneous TCES. All patients had silver electrodes (three) applied between the eyebrows and behind each mastoid process and attached to a 167-kHz current generator. Current was delivered only to group I. The wave form was a complex nonsinusoidal, nonsquare wave pattern which was applied intermittently in a 3-msec-on 10-msec-off sequence.
Read More
The influence of transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) on fentanyl requirements was evaluated in 50 patients undergoing urologic operations with pure neuroleptanesthesia (droperidol, diazepam, fentanyl, and air oxygen) with (group I) or without (group II) simultaneous TCES. All patients had silver electrodes (three) applied between the eyebrows and behind each mastoid process and attached to a 167-kHz current generator. Current was delivered only to group I. The wave form was a complex nonsinusoidal, nonsquare wave pattern which was applied intermittently in a 3-msec-on 10-msec-off sequence.
Read More
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trials of cranial electrostimulation. Efficacy in treating selected
psychological and physiological conditions. The Journal of Nervous
and Mental Disease, 183(7) 478-841995 Jul
To clarify the diverse published results of cranial electrostimulation (CES) efficacy, we conducted an extensive literature review that identified 18 of the most carefully conducted randomized controlled trials of CES versus sham treatment. For the 14 trials that had sufficient data, we used the techniques of meta-analysis to pool the published results of treating each of four conditions: anxiety (eight trials), brain dysfunction (two trials), headache (two trials), and insomnia (two trials). Because studies utilized different outcome measures, we used an effect size method to normalize measures which we then pooled across studies within each condition.
To clarify the diverse published results of cranial electrostimulation (CES) efficacy, we conducted an extensive literature review that identified 18 of the most carefully conducted randomized controlled trials of CES versus sham treatment. For the 14 trials that had sufficient data, we used the techniques of meta-analysis to pool the published results of treating each of four conditions: anxiety (eight trials), brain dysfunction (two trials), headache (two trials), and insomnia (two trials). Because studies utilized different outcome measures, we used an effect size method to normalize measures which we then pooled across studies within each condition.
Immediate influence of transcranial electrostimulation
on pain and beta-endorphin blood levels: an active placebo-controlled
study. [Clinical Trial. Comparative Study. Journal Article. Randomized
Controlled Trial. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] American Journal
of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 82(2):81-5, 2003 Feb.
Stimulation of the antinociceptive system by noninvasive electrical current from electrodes placed on the head is a renewed method of pain relief. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 20 chronic back pain patients. They were treated with either transcranial electrostimulation (TCES) or an active placebo device. Pain level and serum beta-endorphin levels were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: beta-Endorphin level increased in seven of the ten patients from the treatment group and did not change in eight of ten patients from control group (P = 0.057 between groups).
Stimulation of the antinociceptive system by noninvasive electrical current from electrodes placed on the head is a renewed method of pain relief. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 20 chronic back pain patients. They were treated with either transcranial electrostimulation (TCES) or an active placebo device. Pain level and serum beta-endorphin levels were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: beta-Endorphin level increased in seven of the ten patients from the treatment group and did not change in eight of ten patients from control group (P = 0.057 between groups).
The effects of transcranial electrostimulation
on the adaptive state. [Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trial.
Journal Article] Neuroscience & Behavioral Physiology. 34(1):101-4,
2004 Jan
The effects of transcranial electrostimulation on medical students with different types of adaptive responses (training, activation, stress, reactivation), levels of reactivity, and psychophysiological and autonomic status were studied. These experiments showed that transcranial electrostimulation was effective for subjects with adaptive responses of the training and activation types but not in those with stress combined with marked vagal tension. Transcranial electrostimulation facilitated improvements in psychophysiological parameters of the students and increased the level of body reactivity.
Read More
The effects of transcranial electrostimulation on medical students with different types of adaptive responses (training, activation, stress, reactivation), levels of reactivity, and psychophysiological and autonomic status were studied. These experiments showed that transcranial electrostimulation was effective for subjects with adaptive responses of the training and activation types but not in those with stress combined with marked vagal tension. Transcranial electrostimulation facilitated improvements in psychophysiological parameters of the students and increased the level of body reactivity.
Read More
Imaging of current density and current
pathways in rabbit brain during transcranial electrostimulation.
[Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] IEEE Transactions
on Biomedical Engineering. 46(9):1139-49, 1999 Sep.
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method was used for a noninvasive study of current density (CD) and current pathways (CP’s) inside the skull during transcranial Electrostimulation in rabbits. The transcranial impulse current directions studied were those previously used in transcranial electric treatment either sagittally or bilaterally. MRI data were collected from slices perpendicular to the direction of current application. In these slices, only the perpendicular component of the CD was measured. Computer methods for accurate topographic mapping of the main areas with high CD and for reconstruction of CP’s are described.
Read More
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method was used for a noninvasive study of current density (CD) and current pathways (CP’s) inside the skull during transcranial Electrostimulation in rabbits. The transcranial impulse current directions studied were those previously used in transcranial electric treatment either sagittally or bilaterally. MRI data were collected from slices perpendicular to the direction of current application. In these slices, only the perpendicular component of the CD was measured. Computer methods for accurate topographic mapping of the main areas with high CD and for reconstruction of CP’s are described.
Read More
The effects of electrosleep on insomnia
revisited. [Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal
Article. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.] Journal of
Nervous & Mental Disease. 161(2):134-7, 1975 Aug.
Ten subjects who had suffered from sleep onset insomnia for a minimun of 2 years participated in a double blind study of the effects of electrosleep on this disorder. This paper reports a 2-year follow-up of these subjects. Of the five subjects who received 24 live treatments, four appeared to be able to fall asleep with little difficulty and to awake feeling moderately to very well rested.
Read More
Ten subjects who had suffered from sleep onset insomnia for a minimun of 2 years participated in a double blind study of the effects of electrosleep on this disorder. This paper reports a 2-year follow-up of these subjects. Of the five subjects who received 24 live treatments, four appeared to be able to fall asleep with little difficulty and to awake feeling moderately to very well rested.
Read More
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation
(TCES): A review 1998. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
23 (1999) 529-538
The Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) technique appeared at the beginning of the 1960s and is aimed to act at the level of the central nervous system. The current, composed of high frequency pulses interrupted with a repetitive low frequency, is delivered through three electrodes (a negative electrode placed between the eyebrows while two positive electrodes are located in the retro-mastoid region). Due to the characteristics of the current delivered, shortcomings encountered with previous electrical stimulation techniques are avoided.
Read More
The Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) technique appeared at the beginning of the 1960s and is aimed to act at the level of the central nervous system. The current, composed of high frequency pulses interrupted with a repetitive low frequency, is delivered through three electrodes (a negative electrode placed between the eyebrows while two positive electrodes are located in the retro-mastoid region). Due to the characteristics of the current delivered, shortcomings encountered with previous electrical stimulation techniques are avoided.
Read More
Transcranial electrical stimulation with
high frequency intermittent current (Limoge's) potentiates opiate-induced
analgesia: blind studies. Pain, 42 (1990) 351-363
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) with high frequency (166 kHz) intermittent current (100 Hz; Limoge current) has been used for several years in cardiac, thoracic, abdominal, urological and micro-surgery. The main benefits are a reduced requirement for analgesic drugs, especially opiates, and a long-lasting postoperative analgesia. We have confirmed these clinical observations in rats using the tail-flick latency (TFL) test to measure pain threshold.
Read More
Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES) with high frequency (166 kHz) intermittent current (100 Hz; Limoge current) has been used for several years in cardiac, thoracic, abdominal, urological and micro-surgery. The main benefits are a reduced requirement for analgesic drugs, especially opiates, and a long-lasting postoperative analgesia. We have confirmed these clinical observations in rats using the tail-flick latency (TFL) test to measure pain threshold.
Read More
Brief Communication: The Effects of Electrosleep
on Insomnia Revisited. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
161(2) 134-137, 1975
Ten subjects who had suffered from sleep onset insomnia for a minimum of 2 years participated in a double blind study of the effects of electrosleep on this disorder. This paper reports a 2-year follow-up of these subjects. Of the five subjects who received 24 live treatments, four appeared to be able to fall asleep with little difficulty and to awake feeling moderately to very well rested.
Read More
Ten subjects who had suffered from sleep onset insomnia for a minimum of 2 years participated in a double blind study of the effects of electrosleep on this disorder. This paper reports a 2-year follow-up of these subjects. Of the five subjects who received 24 live treatments, four appeared to be able to fall asleep with little difficulty and to awake feeling moderately to very well rested.
Read More
The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation
in the management of chronic pain: A review. NeuroRehabilitation
14 (2000) 85-94.
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) has a growing history of applications in rehabilitation medicine in the United States dating back to early 1970. As a recognized non-drug treatment of anxiety, depression and insomnia, CES gained its first major application in the field of addiction treatment and rehabilitation. By the mid 1980s research was showing additional important uses of CES in the treatment of closed head injured patients, and in paraplegic and quadriplegic patients.
Read More
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) has a growing history of applications in rehabilitation medicine in the United States dating back to early 1970. As a recognized non-drug treatment of anxiety, depression and insomnia, CES gained its first major application in the field of addiction treatment and rehabilitation. By the mid 1980s research was showing additional important uses of CES in the treatment of closed head injured patients, and in paraplegic and quadriplegic patients.
Read More
Electroanalgesia: Its Role in Acute and
Chronic Pain Management. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001;92:505-13.
The practice of using electrical stimulation for pain control began centuries ago. However, renewed interest in electroanalgesia is related in part to a better understanding of the physiologic basis of pain perception and transmission, as well as to the efforts of researchers interested in finding alternatives to the traditional opioid and nonopioid analgesic drugs.
Read More
The practice of using electrical stimulation for pain control began centuries ago. However, renewed interest in electroanalgesia is related in part to a better understanding of the physiologic basis of pain perception and transmission, as well as to the efforts of researchers interested in finding alternatives to the traditional opioid and nonopioid analgesic drugs.
Read More